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Alphabet
and Articulation
Alphabet:
The P±li writing system
consists of 41 letters (akkhara) specific to a distinct sound (vaººa):
8 vowels (sara), the niggah²ta (½), and 32 consonants (vyañjana).
The dictionary order of letters is as follows.*
| sara: |
a, ±, i, ²,
u, ³, e, o |
| niggah¼²ta: |
½ |
| vyañjana: |
k, kh,
g, gh, ª, c, ch, j, jh, ñ, µ, µh, ¹, ¹h, º, t, th, d, dh, n,
p, ph, b, bh, m, y, r, l, ¼, v, s, h |
Manner
of Articulation (payatana): (pronounced
similar to the example)
| |
•sara
(vowels)
|
| a |
as
in about |
| ± |
as
in father, far |
| i |
as
in hit, pit |
| ² |
as
in machine |
| u |
as
in put |
| ³ |
as in rude,
rule |
| e |
as in they |
| o |
as
in hope |
| |
Exception: e and o change
to short sounds in syllables ending in a consonant where they
are then pronounced as e in 'get'
and o in 'ox'. |
| |
•niggah²ta
(nasal)
|
| ½ |
½ as ªas
'ng', a pure nasal sound, without release at the mouth . |
| |
•vyañjana
(consonants)
|
| |
kaªµhaja(gutturals): |
| k |
unaspirated,
as in skin or skill |
| kh |
as in
backhand |
| g |
as in girl |
| gh |
as in log-head, big-house |
| ª |
as in sing, finger,
ink |
| h |
as in inherent, voiced
fricative |
| |
t±luja
(palatals): |
| c |
as in choose, chin,
discharge |
| ch |
as in ranch-house,
ranch-hand |
| j |
as in jug, gem, judge |
| jh |
as in hedge-hog |
| ñ |
'ny' as in canyon |
| y |
as in yes |
| |
•muddhaja
(cerebrals): |
| µ |
as t but with the
tongue tip curled back just under the hard palate (retroflection) |
| µh |
as th but with the
tongue tip curled back just under the hard palate (retroflection) |
| ¹ |
as d but with the
tongue tip curled back just under the hard palate (retroflection) |
| ¹h |
as dh but with the
tongue tip curled back just under the hard palate (retroflection) |
| º |
as n but with the tongue
tip curled back just under the hard palate (retroflection) |
| r |
as in ring |
| ¼ |
same as l but with
the tongue tip curled back just under the hard palate (retroflection) |
| |
•dantaja
(dentals): |
| t |
as in stay, stand
(but with the rip of the tongue at the back of the teeth) |
| th |
as in light-house,
ant-hill (but with the rip of the tongue at the back of the teeth) |
| d |
as in dog, dirt, door
(but with the rip of the tongue at the back of the teeth) |
| dh |
as in mad-house, red-house
(but with the rip of the tongue at the back of the teeth) |
| n |
as in name, north,
no (but with the rip of the tongue at the back of the teeth) |
| l |
as in
lamp |
| s |
as in sit or this |
| |
•oµµhaja
(labials): |
| p |
as in space,
spend |
| ph |
as
in top-hat, upheavel, uphill |
| b |
as in bag,
born, bed |
| bh |
as in lab-host,
rub-hard |
| m |
as in him,
mother, map |
| v |
in-between the english
v and w. |
| |
|
* the digraphs dh, etc., are to be taken
as single sounds, the h representing aspiration - double consonants
are pronounced seperately the first having no release): example - dd in
mad dog, gg in big game, etc., or pronounced
long: example - nn in unnecessary
* For the convenience of all users of this glossary
the order of letters follows the standard expected in English.
A
•abhiñña: knowing; possessed
of knowledge, special knowledge; supernormal power
•±cariya: teacher.
•±cariyaka: coming from the teacher.
•±cariyamuµµhi: special knowledge of a teacher.
•±cariyav±da: traditional teaching.
•±ciººa: practised.
•abh³ta: un-originated
•aby±kata: undeclared, unexplained
•aby±p±da: non-aversion
•±cariya: teacher (may be same or different from upajjh±ya)
•±ciººakamma: habitual kamma
•ad²n±va: danger, unsatisfactoriness, inadequacy
•adosa: “hatelessness” (one of the 3 wholesome roots (m³la).
•agatigamana: four ‘wrong motives’ i.e. greed, hate, delusion, cowardice.
•avihi½sa (Skt. ahi½s±): humanity; absence of cruelty, harmlessness.
•aj±ta: unborn
•akata: uncreated
•±k±s±nañc±yatana: sphere of infinite space
•±kiñcaññ±yatana: sphere of nothingness
•akusala: unwholesome
•alobha: non-greed, consequential of detachment
•amatadh±tu: the deathless element
•amatapada: the deathless state
•amoha: non-delusion, consequential of wisdom and understanding
•an±g±m²: one who does not return, one who has attained the 3rd Path.
•an±g±mimagga: path of non-returner
•an±g±miphala: fruit of non-returner
•an±g±riya: homelessness
•±n±p±nassati: mindfulness of breathing
•anatt±: ‘not self’; absence of a continuous personality or soul
•±neñj±bhisankh±r±: imperturbable kamma-formations.
•anattaniya: not belonging to a self, not related to a self
•anupadisesa nibb±nadh±tu: the nibbana element without residues remaining
•anusaya: latent tendency
•anup±disesa-nibb±na: remainderless extinction, without the substrata of the
pañca-khandha (five bases of reality). Also called ‘khandha-parinibb±na’
•anurakkhaºa-ppadh±na: ‘the effort to maintain’ i.e. that which is wholesome
•anuttara samm±sambodhi: supreme perfect enlightenment
•appan±sam±dhi: absorption concentration
•ap±yabh³mi: planes of misery
•±podh±tu: the water element, cohesion.
•arahanta: one who has attained emancipation.
•arahatta: the state of an arahant; final emancipation; the highest stage of
the Path; sainthood.
•arahattamagga: the path to emancipation.
•arahattaphala: final emancipation, the fruit (phala) of the path (magga) of
the emancipated (arahatta).
•ariya: noble, a noble
•ariya-magga: the path to higher wisdom.
•ariya-puggala: a noble person, one who has attained higher knowledge.
•ariya-sangha: community of noble ones
•ariya-aµµhaªgika-magga: the noble eightfold path
•ar³pa: formless; incorporeal, non-substantial
•ar³pabhava: formless existence.
•ar³pa-dh±tu: immaterial element, formless realm
•ar³pa-jh±na: formless meditative absorption
•ar³pa-r±ga: craving for immaterial exiestance
•ar³pa-avacara: the immaterial sphere
•ar³par±ga: desire for immaterial existence
•ass±da: satisfaction, enjoyment
•asaºkh±ra: unconditioned
•asaªkh±ra-dhamma: unconditioned phenomena [syn.] dhamma-nijj²vat±; ‘un-manifested
phenomena’
•±sanna-kamma: death-proximate kamma, action done or remembered immediately before
the dying moment
•±sava: ‘that which flows’- unwholesome tendencies of the mind, both latent and
outflow
•±sava-kkhaya: cessation of passions
•asubha-bh±van±: Contemplation of Impurity; i.e. the Cemetery Contemplations,
a corpse
•asura: "demon" inhabiting one of the four lower worlds (ap±ya)
•att±: 1. self; oneself, yourself, myself, himself. 2. in various contexts; body,
mind. 3. ‘soul’ in the Brahmanical sense
•attahita: one's own welfare
•attakilamathanuyoga: self-mortification
•avacara: 'sphere', realm; i.e. the 3 spheres of existence: the sensuous sphere
(k±m±vacara), the fine-material sphere (r³p±vacara), the immaterial sphere (ar³p±vacara).
•avasavattit±: not subject to the exercise of mastery
•avihi½s± (Skt. ahi½s±): 1. non-injury, harmlessness 2. Skt. security, safeness
•avihi½s±-sankappa: Thought free from cruelty, the third of the three modes of
Right Thought (samm±-sankappa); i.e. 1. nekkhamma-sankappa ‘Thought free from
lust’, 2. avy±p±da-sankappa ‘Thought free from ill-will’
•avijj±: ‘ignorance’; tenth of the sa½yojana – ‘fetters’, first principle of
the arising of dukkha ‘suffering’ in the paµicca-samupp±da “Dependant -Genesis”
•avijj’±sava: ‘passion of ignorance’ 'With the arising of fermentations ‘±sava’ there
is the arising of ignorance' (MN. 9).
•±yatana: 1. sphere, realm. 2. The 12 sense bases on which depend the saºkh±ra ‘mental
formations factors’
B
•bala: 1. strength,
power, force, (5 °; saddh±° -
of faith/confidence , viriya° - effort/exertion, sati° - awareness/mindfulness,
sam±dhi° - mind development & paññ±° -
wisdom/perfected knowledge)
•
bhagav±: worshipful, venerable, blessed, holy; The Buddha
• bhagavantu: fortunate; the Buddha.
•
bhante: “Lord”, ‘venerable sir’. Contracted
from ‘bhadanta’ as a respectful form of address reserved
for the Buddha and senior bhikkhu.
•
bhava: the state of existence. bh±va; condition; nature; process
of becoming.
•
bhava-±sava: passion for existence
•
bhava-taºh±: craving for existence
• kamma-bhava: active aspect of existence, the catalyst in wholesome
and unwholesome volitional actions and of rebirth.
• upapatti-bhava: rebirth process
•
bh±van±: lit. 'calling into existence'; mind development;
development of the noble eightfold path
•
bhavaªga: the sub- consciousness; the kamma-continuum
•
bhikkhu: lit. ‘beggar’, alms-mendicant; a fully ordained
Buddhist monk
•
bhikkhun²: a fully ordained Buddhist nun
•
bhikkhusaªgha: congregation of Buddhist monks
•
bodhipakkhiya: “belonging to enlightenment”
•
bodhipakkhiya-dhamm±: the 37 essential doctrines to enlightenment,
detailed in the Visuddhimagga ~ 22
• bodhisatta: future Buddha, one striving for complete Buddhahood
•
bojjhanga: The Seven Factors of Enlightenment: sati – mindfulness,
dhammavicaya – investigation of the doctrine, viriya – energy,
p²ti – joy, passaddhi – tranquillity, sam±dhi – meditative
absorption, upekkh± – equanimity
• brahmacariya: the holy life, celibacy
•
Brahm± Sahampati: the high divinity who urged the Buddha to
teach the Dhamma
•
br±hmaºa: a man of the Brahman caste; in the Pali canon
a term of respect to those who have attained the highest; a synonym
for ‘arahanta’ one who has attained the highest fruit of
the doctrine.
•
brahmavih±ra: sublime states, four divine abodes: mett± -
loving-kindness, karuº± – compassion, mudit± -
sympathetic joy, upekkh± - equanimity
C
•c±ga: gift, abandoning,
giving up, generosity
•cakkavatti-r±j±: universal monarch
•cakkhu-karaº²: leading to vision
•catt±ri ariyasacc±ni: the four noble truths
•cetan±: volition, will, intention; is one of the seven mental factors ‘cetasika’
•cetasika: mental; a mental property
•chanda: impulse; will, wish, desire (mano-group)
•citta: mind, thought moment, mental act is a synonym of mano ‘mana’: mind, consciousness,
and
•citta-kkhana: ‘mind moment’
•cittass' ekaggat± (citt'ekaggat±): one-pointedness of mind
•cittupp±da: ‘rise of a thought’
•citt±nupassan±: (citta + anupassan±) a critique of heart, -of mental states,
contemplation of the mind
•cittasant±na: continuum of consciousness
•cuti-citta: ‘shifting’ or death consciousness
D
•d±na: gift, charity, alms;
alms-giving
•dasas²la: the ten precepts (of a s±maºera)
•dasas²la-m±t±: a ten precept-observing nun
•dasas²la-up±sik±: a woman observing the ten precepts
•deva: god, heavenly being
•dhamma: doctrine, truth, Law, phenomena, nature
•dhammacakka: the Wheel of the Law
•dhammacakkhu: Eye of Wisdom; insight into truth
•dhamma-nijj²vat±: (dhamma; phenomena + nijj²va; lifeless, soulless.) un-manifested
phenomena, the evanescent
•dhamm±nupassan±: contemplation of mind-objects; is the last of the 4 foundations
of mindfulness (satipaµµh±na)
•dhamm±nussati: “recollection of the Law”, is one of the 10 recollections (anussati).
•dhamma-vicaya sambojjhanga: “investigation of doctrine as factor of enlightenment”,
is one of the 7 factors of enlightenment (bojjhanga)
•dh±tu - 1. a primary element, of which the usual set comprises the four ~ paµhav², ±po,
tjeo, v±yo ~ earth, water, fire, wind 2. (a) natural condition property, disposition;
factor, item, principle, form. (b) elements in sense-consciousness
•dibba-cakkhu: “Divine Eye” (under the category of abhiñña ~ “supernormal powers”)
•dibba-sota: “Divine Ear” (under the category of abhiñña ~ “supernormal powers”)
•d²pa - 1) (from Skt. ~ dv²pa) “lamp”, 2) “double-watered” ~ between two waters,
an island, continent, terra-firma, solid foundation, resting-place, shelter,
refuge
•d²paªkara - "one who lights a lamp", name of the twenty sixth former
Buddha before Gotama
•dosa: anger, ill-will, evil intention, wickedness, corruption, malice, hatred
•dukkha: 1) suffering, distress, illness (bodily & mental) 2) one of the
three characteristics of the sankh±r±: anicca, dukkha, anatt± ~ evanescence,
ill, non-self/soul 3) that no thing comes to a state of absolute rest
•dukkhadukkhat±: dukkha as ordinary suffering
•dukkhakkhanda: aggregate of suffering.
•dukkhanirodha: the cessation of suffering
•dukkhanirodha ariyasacca: the noble truth of the cessation of suffering
•dukkhanirodhag±min²paµipad±: the way leading to the cessation of suffering
•dukkhanirodhag±min±paµipad± ariyasacca - the noble truth of the way leading
to the cessation of suffering
•dukkhasamudaya ariyasacca: the noble truth of the origin of dukkha
•dv±ra: door, entrance, gate. “door of action” ~ body, speech, mind
G
•gandha [Vedic gandha,
from ghr±, ghr±ti - to smell, gh±ºa - smell]
- odor, smell, scent,
•
gandhabba - 1. musician, singer, 2. The lowest among devas of the C±tummah±r±jika;
regarded as heavenly musicians. Comy. states “…tatr³pakasatta
tasmim ok±se nibbattanako satto…” = “a being
ready to be born to the intended parents.”
The etymology is obscure; gandhabba derived from gandha is of folk
etymology; where gandhabba is in reference to scent through the euphonic
similarity to gandha. The word is derived from old Vedic mythology as
spirits of the water and
the deep.
It consequently
bears syncretic equivalents to fertility as rainfall is symbolized
as the male fertilizing Mother Earth. The Therav±din commentators
use of gandhabba to indicate the controversial ‘antarabhava’ -
'in-between state' of rebirth, more likely relates to their misunderstanding
of the origin of the word.
•
gandhabb± - music, song
•
ganthadhura - lit. "burden of responsibility" - refers to
the duty to scriptural study.
• garukakamma - heavy or serious kamma.
I
•iccha: [adj. from
icch±]
- wishing, longing, having desires.
•
ida: [nt. of aya½ (ida½)] - 1. in this, here 2. now 3.
just this, even so
•
idappaccayat±: lit. ‘This is founded on that" in
reference to the doctrine of conditionality.
• ijjhati: to have a good result, to prosper, to be successful.
•
indriya [Vedic. “Belonging to Indra”; strength, might.
Pali. “Belonging to the ruler”; governing, ruling or controlling
principle.] - controlling principle, faculty, function “organ” (the
5 ° - the 5 senses)
•
issara: [Vedic ²œvara - ‘to have power’] 1.
lord, ruler, master 2. creator god
J
•jar± - aging
•j±ti - birth
•jh±na [Jh±na, Skt. dhy±na, comes from ‘jh±yati’ which
means to burn up] - collected together or one-pointed state of meditative absorption.
•vitakka [vi + takka] - sustained (or complete) thought or reflection
•vic±ra [vi + c±ra] - sustained (or complete) investigation
or examination
•p²ti - bliss, rapture
•sukha - pleasure, happiness
•citt'ekaggat± - one-pointedness of mind, unification of mind
j²vitindriya - the life-faculty
K
•k±madh±tu - factor or principle
of sensuality
k±mataºh± - craving for sense pleasures
kapilavatthu - the capital city of the Sakyans
k±masukhallik±nuyoga - devotion to indulging in sense pleasures
kamma - volitional action
kammabhava - kammically accumulative existence
kammaniy±ma - the order of kamma, law of kamma
kammaµµh±na - meditation object
kammavaµµa - phase of kamma
kappa - an aeon, the lifespan of a world system
kasiºa - disc-like object of concentration
kaµattakamma - miscellaneous kamma
kaµhina - the ceremony of robes-offering, following the end of the Vassa
k±yakamma - bodily action
k±y±nupassan± - contemplation of the body
khandhaparinibb±na - the extinguishing of the aggregate-continuum
khaºika - momentary
khaºikasam±dhi - momentary concentration
kilesa - defilement, a mental unwholesome state
kilesaparinibb±na - the extinguishment of defilements
kilesavaµµa phase of defilements
kiriya - the action of an arahat, not kamma
Koº¹añña - the seniormost of the five ascetics; first monk-disciple of the
Buddha
kusala - wholesome
Kusin±ra - the small town where the Buddha passed away
L
lobha - greed
lokadh±tu - world system
lokiya - mundane
lokiyamagga - mundane path
lokuttara - transcendental, supramundane
lokuttaramagga - supramundane path
M
magga - path
maggaªga - path factor
mah±bh³ta - primary elements (four)
paµhavidh±tu - the earth-element
±podh±tu - the water-element
tejodh±tu - the heat-element
vayodh±tu - the air-element
mah±karuº± - great compassion
Mah±m±y± - Siddhattha's mother
Mah±paj±pati Gotam² - the Buddha's foster-mother, the first bhikkhuni
mah±paññ± - great wisdom
mah±thera - a senior bhikkhu (of twenty years or more seniority)
majjhim±paµipad± - the middle way
m±na - conceit
manokamma - mental action
M±ra - the Tempter, Buddhist personification of desire
maraºa - death
moha - delusion
m³la - root
N
n±mar³pa - mentality-materiality
n±ma - mentality (feelings, perceptions, mental formations)
r³pa - materiality (same as aggregate of material form)
ñ±ºakaraºi - leading to knowledge
nekkhamma - renunciation
nibb±na - (untranslated, Sanskrit nirvana) the unconditioned reality
niraya - hell
nirodha - cessation
nissaraºa - release, escape
P
pabbaj± - the "going
forth", ceremony of initial ordination into the order
paccaya - condition
pada - state
pah±na - abandonment (of craving)
pañcan²varaº± - the five hindrances
k±macchanda - sensual desire
by±p±da - ill will
th²namiddha - dullness and drowsiness
uddhaccakukkucca - restlessness and worry
vicikicch± - doubt
pañcas²la - the five precepts
pañcupad±nakkhandh± - the five aggregates of clinging
paññ± - wisdom, understanding
paññ±kkhandha - group of wisdom
parahita - the welfare of others
p±r±jika - four rules leading to expulsion from order if violated
parama sukha - supreme happiness
paramattha - the ultimate benefit
p±ram²s - sublime virtues perfected by a bodhisatta
p±rima t²ra - the further shore
parinibb±na - the final passing away (of a Buddha or an arahat)
pariññ± - full understanding (of dukkha)
paritta - protective discourses recited by monks
pariyatti - the study of the Dhamma
pariyattidhamma - the study of scriptures
pariyuµµ±na - manifestation (of defilements)
paµicca samupp±da - dependent arising
p±timokkha - code of 227 rules binding on bhikkhus (core of the Vinaya)
paµip±da - way
paµipatti - the practice of the Dhamma
paµipattidhamma - the practice of meditation
paµisandhicitta - the relinking consciousness, rebirth consciousness
paµivedha - penetration, realization of the Dhamma
pav±raºa - the "invitation" to criticism, closing ceremony of the
Vassa
peta - afflicted spirit, "hungry ghost"
phala - fruits of kamma
•phassa: (phasso): contact, touch [see phusati]
piº¹ap±ta - almsfood
punabbhava - repeated becoming, renewed existence
puthujjana - ordinary person; a worldling
•phusati: 1) to touch, to reach, 2) ‘attains’ only in the specific sense of the
highest ideal of religious aspiration
R
r±gakkhaya dosakkhaya mohakkhaya
- the destruction of greed, hatred and delusion
R±hula - Siddhatha's son
r³pa - materiality (same as aggregate of material form)
r³padh±tu - fine material realm, realm of subtle materiality
r³pakkhandha - the aggregate of material form
r³par±ga - desire for fine material existence
S
sa-up±disesa nibb±nadh±tu
- the nibbana element with residue remaining
sacca - truth
sacchikaraºa - realization (of nibb±na)
sakad±g±mimagga - path of once-returner
sakad±g±miphala - fruit of once-returner
sakk±ya - the person, the individual
sakk±yadiµµhi - personality view, view of a self
Sakyamuni - the sage of the Sakyans (name for the Buddha Gotama)
Sakyans - a people of northeast India, among whom the bodhisattha was born
sa¼±yatana - the six sense faculties
sam±dhi - concentration
sam±dhikkhandha - group of concentration
s±maºera - a novice monk
samatha - serenity
samathay±na - the vehicle of serenity
sambodhi - enlightenment
samm± ±j²va - right livelihood
samm±diµµhi - right view
samm±kammanta - right action
samm±sam±dhi - right concentration
samm±saªkappa - right intention
samm±v±c± - right speech
samm± sati - right mindfulness
samm± v±y±ma - right effort
sammutisangha - the Sangha established by convention
sampar±yika attha - the benefit pertaining to future lives
sa½s±ra - the round of rebirths, cyclic existence
samuccheda - eradication, cutting off
samudaya - origin
sa½yojana - fetters
sangahavatthu - bases of popularity (four) :-
d±na - giving
peyyavajja - pleasant speech
atthacariy± - beneficial conduct
sam±nattat± - impartiality
Sanghamitt± - daughter of King Asoka, established bhikkhuni saªgha in Sri Lanka
saªkh±ra - volitional formations
saªkh±radukkhat± - dukkha of conditioned formations
saªkh±rakkhandha - the aggregate of mental formations
saªkhata - conditioned
saññ±kkhanda - the aggregate of perception
santi - peace
saraºagamana - going for refuge
s±sana - the dispensation of the Buddha
sassatav±da - eternalistic view
satipaµµh±na - foundation of mindfulness, arousing of mindfulness
s±vakasangha - community of (noble) disciples
Siddhattha Gotama - the actual name of the Buddha
s²labbatapar±m±sa - clinging to rules and observances
s²lakkhanda - group of moral discipline
sot±panna - stream enterer
sot±pattimagga - path of stream entry
sot±pattiphala - fruit of stream entry
Sumedha - name of the ascetic who eventually became the Buddha Gotama
Suddhodana - Siddhattha's father, king of the Sakyans
T
taºh± - craving
taºh±kkhaya - the destruction of craving
Tath±gata - the "Perfect One" (epithet of a Buddha)
thera - a senior bhikkhu (of ten years or more seniority)
Therav±da - "school of the elders", the oldest continuous school
of Buddhism
Ther²g±th± - "verses of the arahat nuns", a book of the Sutta-pitaka
µhitassa aññatthatta - the transformation of that which endures
tilakkhaºa - the three characteristics of existence
aniccat± - impermanence
dukkhat± - unsatisfactoriness, suffering
anattat± - selflessness, egolessness
Tipiµaka - the three "baskets" or collections of Buddhist scriptures
Vinayapiµaka - the collection of monastic disciplines
Suttapiµaka - the collection of the Buddha's discourses and sermons
Abhidhammapiµaka - the collection of psycho-philosophical treatises
U
ucchedav±da - annihilationist
view
Udaka R±maputta - the Bodhisatta's second meditation teacher
upac±rasam±dhi - access concentration
up±d±na - clinging
up±d±r³pa, up±d±ya r³pa - derivative material form
upajjh±ya - preceptor
upp±da - arising
upapattibhava - resultant existence
upasama - peace
upasampad± - ceremony of full ordination as a bhikkhu
uposatha - observance day, held on full moon and new moon days
V
vac²kamma - verbal action
vasadhura - the career of meditation practice
vassa - the three month "rains residence" for bhikkhus, from July
to October
vatthur³pa - the material basis of mind
vaya - passing away, destruction
vedan± - feeling
vedan±kkhanda - the aggregate of feeling
vedan±nupassan± - contemplation of feelings
vibhavataºh± - craving for non-existence
vikkhambhana - suppression
vimutti - liberation
Vinaya - the monastic discipline
viññ±ºa - consciousness
viññ±ºakkhanda - the aggregate of consciousness
vip±ka - results of kamma
vip±kavaµµa - phase of resultants
vipall±sa - perversions
saññ±vipall±sa - perversion of perception
cittavipall±sa - perversion of thought
diµµhivipall±sa - perversion of views
vipariº±madukkhat± - dukkha due to change
vipassan± - insight
vipassan±y±na - the vehicle of insight
vir±ga - dispassion
visuddhi - purity
v²tikkama - transgression
Y
Yasodhar± - wife of Siddhattha
yath±bh³tañ±ºadassana - knowing and seeing things as they really are
yoniso manasik±ra - wise considerationg
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